![]() ![]() Technically, because of the required turn, they are "circling approaches" - even though it is only about 1/8th of a circle. They have higher weather minimums than ILS approaches, to allow for spotting the runway with enough altitude and distance for a turn. ![]() They have the directional precision of a localizer or ILS (much more exact than a VOR radial), but because they are at an angle to the runway of more than 3 degrees, they are not considered "precision approaches." Sometimes they include a glide slope for altitude guidance (in which case they are labelled LDA/GS approaches), and sometimes not. Such approaches are also called LDA (Localizer-type Directional Aid) or LDA/DME approaches - this may just be a difference in UK and USA terminology. As you and Andy G say, at Kai Tak it was called an IGS (Instrument Guidance System) approach. Like the visual approach, it also leads, at an angle, to a point from which a hard right turn can be made to the runway. There is an instrument approach for flying this path when weather and visibility are too low for visual approaches. The approach has to be at an angle to the runway, with a hard right turn to line up on final, low and close. Since you know the airport, you know that hills off the NW end of runway 13 (landing southeast) preclude a straight-in approach. ![]()
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